Reference

Peptide dosing database

122 entries across 19 categories: the dosing ranges, frequencies and routes reported in the peptide literature, together with the cautions that accompany them.

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Reported, not recommended.

This table records what the published literature and reference material state. It is not a protocol, not a recommendation, and not medical advice. Nothing here establishes that any figure is safe, effective or appropriate for anyone, and no row should be read as an instruction to act on.

RES Institute publishes it for the same reason it publishes everything else: people making decisions about these compounds are better served by an accurate reference than by a gap they will fill from somewhere worse. Anything involving your health belongs with a licensed provider, and the safety subject covers how to read a material and its paperwork before any of this is relevant.

Healing & Repair

Healing & Repair — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
BPC-157	5mg	250-750mcg	Daily	SubQ/IM	Can inject locally near injury. Works synergistically with TB-500
BPC-157	10mg	250-750mcg	Daily	SubQ/IM	Can inject locally near injury. Works synergistically with TB-500
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)	5mg	2.5-5mg	2x/week	SubQ	Works synergistically with BPC-157
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)	10mg	2.5-5mg	2x/week	SubQ	Works synergistically with BPC-157
BPC-157/TB-500 Blend (Wolverine)	5mg/5mg	500mcg-2mg	5-7 days/week	SubQ/IM	DO NOT inject near injury site
BPC-157/TB-500 Blend (Wolverine)	10mg/10mg	500mcg-2mg	5-7 days/week	SubQ/IM	DO NOT inject near injury site
AHK-Cu	5mg	200-500mcg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Copper peptide. Wound healing, hair growth, skin rejuvenation. Enhanced tissue targeting vs. GHK-Cu
GLOW Blend (GHK-Cu / BPC-157 / TB-500)	70mg	3.5-7mg	Daily x 20 days	SubQ	Skin, longevity, healing combo. 3x annually
Larazotide (AT-1001)	5mg	0.5-1mg	1-2x/day before meals	Oral (submucosal)	Tight junction regulator. Celiac disease, leaky gut, intestinal permeability. Swish and hold 60-90 sec. 6-8 week cycles. Synergistic with BPC-157 and KPV
LL-37 (Cathelicidin)	5mg	100-500mcg	3x/week	SubQ/IM	Antimicrobial host-defense peptide. Chronic sinusitis, wound healing, immune optimization. Also topical 0.1-1% and intranasal
BPC-157 / GHK-Cu / L-Carnosine Oral Blend	Oral Cap	1 capsule	Daily AM (5 on / 2 off)	Oral	Multi-phase enteric micro-pellet. Take on empty stomach. Post-procedure, orthopedic, aesthetic recovery. Avoid co-admin with anticoagulants without physician approval

Recovery

Recovery — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
ARA-290	10mg	1.6-4mg	5-7 days/week x 30 days	SubQ	Reconstitute with pH 7.4 PBS - NOT bacteriostatic water. Requires PBS for molecular stability. Higher doses studied for chronic pain and inflammation
Cartalax	20mg	2-5mg	5-7 days/week x 10-20 days	SubQ/IM	Cartilage and connective tissue regeneration. DO NOT use if pregnant/breastfeeding

Hair, Skin & Collagen

Hair, Skin & Collagen — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
AHK-Cu	5mg	200-500mcg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Copper peptide. Wound healing, hair growth, skin rejuvenation. Enhanced tissue targeting vs. GHK-Cu
GLOW Blend (GHK-Cu / BPC-157 / TB-500)	70mg	3.5-7mg	Daily x 20 days	SubQ	Skin, longevity, healing combo. 3x annually
GHK-Cu	50mg	1-2mg	Daily, 30 days on / 14 days off	SubQ	Wound healing, anti-aging. Can add to topical carrier for serum use. Synergistic with SNAP-8 and BPC-157
GHK-Cu	100mg	1-2mg	Daily, 30 days on / 14 days off	SubQ	30 days on / 14 days off. Wound healing, anti-aging
SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3)	10mg	Apply to affected areas	BID (AM + PM)	Topical	Botox-like topical. Expression wrinkle reduction. Combine with GHK-Cu for best results
SNAP-8 + GHK-Cu Topical Serum	30mL	2-4 drops	BID (AM + PM)	Topical	Dual-mechanism cosmetic serum. SNAP-8 inhibits SNARE complex; GHK-Cu drives collagen synthesis. Apply to cleansed face/neck. Maintenance between injectable cycles

Weight Management

Weight Management — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
KLOW Blend	80mg (50/10/10/10)	4-8mg	Daily	SubQ	Comprehensive weight loss and skin blend
AOD-9604	5mg	500mcg-1mg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Fasted before bed or upon waking. Can split AM/PM doses
AOD-9604	10mg	500mcg-1mg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Fasted before bed or upon waking. Can split AM/PM doses
Orforglipron	Oral Cap	3-45mg	1x/day	Oral	Non-peptide oral GLP-1 receptor agonist. Titrate: 3mg to 6mg to 12mg to maintenance 24-45mg (x14 days each). Empty stomach, 30 min before food
Cagrilintide	10mg	300mcg-4.5mg	1x/week	SubQ	Can be added to GLP-1 to reduce that dosage
Semaglutide (GLP-1)	5mg	250mcg-2.5mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Same day every week. Starting dose 250mcg
Semaglutide (GLP-1)	10mg	250mcg-2.5mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Same day every week. Starting dose 250mcg
Semaglutide (GLP-1)	30mg	250mcg-2.5mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Same day every week. Starting dose 250mcg
Tirzepatide (GLP-1/GIP)	5mg	2.5-15mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Same day every week. Starting dose 2.5mg
Tirzepatide (GLP-1/GIP)	10mg	2.5-15mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Same day every week. Starting dose 2.5mg
Tirzepatide (GLP-1/GIP)	15mg	2.5-15mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Same day every week. Starting dose 2.5mg
Tirzepatide (GLP-1/GIP)	30mg	2.5-15mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Same day every week. Starting dose 2.5mg
Tirzepatide (GLP-1/GIP)	60mg	2.5-15mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Same day every week. Starting dose 2.5mg
Retatrutide (GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon)	5mg	2-12mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Triple receptor agonist. Starting dose 2mg. Less brain fog, more energy
Retatrutide (GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon)	10mg	2-12mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Triple receptor agonist. Starting dose 2mg. Less brain fog, more energy
Retatrutide (GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon)	30mg	2-12mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Triple receptor agonist. Starting dose 2mg
Retatrutide (GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon)	60mg	2-12mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Triple receptor agonist. Starting dose 2mg
Survodutide	10mg	600mcg-4.5mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Dual GLP-1/Glucagon agonist. Starting dose 600mcg. Helps fatty liver
Mazdutide	10mg	1.5-6mg (titrate)	1x/week	SubQ	Dual GLP-1/Glucagon agonist. Start 1.5mg, titrate to 6mg maintenance
5-Amino-1MQ	5mg	5-10mg	1-3x/week	SubQ	NNMT inhibitor. Metabolic activator. 2-4 week cycles for resistant fat patterns
5-Amino-1MQ	10mg	5-10mg	1-3x/week	SubQ	NNMT inhibitor. Metabolic activator. 2-4 week cycles for resistant fat patterns
Adipotide (FTPP)	5mg	0.5-5mg	Daily x 4 weeks	SubQ	INVESTIGATIONAL. Requires intensive kidney monitoring. Max 5mg/day
HGH Fragment 176-191	5mg	250-500mcg	BID (morning fasted + pre-bed)	SubQ	Fat loss fragment. 4-12 weeks. No IGF-1 or diabetogenic effects
SLU-PP-332	5mg	2-5mg	Daily (5 on / 2 off)	SubQ	UCP1 inducer. Thermogenic compound. 8-12 week cycles
LC120 (Lipo-C Metabolic Blend)	10mL	1mL	1-2x/week	IM/SubQ	Methionine 15mg, Choline 50mg, L-Carnitine 50mg, B5 5mg. Lipotropic support
LC216 (Advanced Metabolic Blend)	10mL	1mL	1-2x/week	IM/SubQ	L-Carnitine, Arginine, Methionine, Inositol, Choline, B vitamins. Enhanced lipotropic
L-Carnitine (LC-600)	10mL	200-500mg	1-3x/week	IM	High-dose injectable L-Carnitine. Fat oxidation, energy, performance
mcIRBP-19 (Bitter Melon Peptide)	5mg	500mcg-1mg	Daily (5 on / 2 off)	SubQ	Plant-derived insulin receptor-binding peptide (FDA NDI-accepted). Post-prandial glucose regulation. Inject before largest meal. Pairs with MOTS-c
mcIRBP-19 (Bitter Melon Peptide) Oral	Oral Cap	500mcg-1mg	Daily with or before meals	Oral	FDA NDI-accepted bitter melon insulin-binding peptide. Glucose regulation support. Take before largest meal. Synergistic with MOTS-c, Berberine, Chromium
Orforglipron / ALCAR / L-Carnitine L-Tartrate Oral	Oral Cap 1 Blend	capsule	Daily AM (5 on / 2 off)	Oral	Fixed 6mg oral GLP-1 agonist + dual carnitine. Empty stomach 30-45 min before food. Oral option for injection-averse patients. HPMCAS enteric capsule
MOTS-c / mcIRBP-19 / Botanical Metabolic Oral Blend	Oral Cap	1 capsule	Daily AM (5 on / 2 off)	Oral	Multi-pathway natural GLP-1 support, thermogenesis, AMPK activation, lean mass preservation (HMB). Adjunct to GLP-1 prescriptions or standalone metabolic support

Anti-Viral & Anti-Microbial

Anti-Viral & Anti-Microbial — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
KPV	5mg	250-500mcg	Based on injury/illness	SubQ	After surgery, preventative, or during illness. IBD support
KPV	10mg	250-500mcg	Based on injury/illness	SubQ	After surgery, preventative, or during illness. IBD support

Growth Hormone Releasing

Growth Hormone Releasing — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
CJC-1295 (No DAC)	5mg	200mcg-1mg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Fasted - 45 minutes before and after injection
CJC-1295 (No DAC)	10mg	200mcg-1mg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Fasted - 45 minutes before and after injection
CJC-1295 (with DAC)	5mg	1-2mg	1-2x/week	SubQ	Longer half-life than No DAC version. Extended GH release
CJC-1295 (No DAC) / Ipamorelin Blend	5mg/5mg	500mcg-1mg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Fasted administration. Bedtime or AM dosing
GHRP-2	5mg	200mcg-1mg	5 days/week up to 8 weeks	SubQ	Empty stomach 30 min before meals. May increase appetite
GHRP-2	10mg	200mcg-1mg	5 days/week up to 8 weeks	SubQ	Empty stomach 30 min before meals. May increase appetite
GHRP-6	5mg	150-300mcg	As needed before meals	SubQ	Multiple times daily before meals. Increases appetite
GHRP-6	10mg	150-300mcg	As needed before meals	SubQ	Multiple times daily before meals. Increases appetite
Hexarelin	5mg	100mcg (3x daily)	3x daily for 20 weeks	SubQ	Most potent GHRP. No appetite/cortisol increase
Ipamorelin	5mg	200-300mcg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Fasted 30 min before each meal, up to 3x daily. No appetite increase
Ipamorelin	10mg	200-300mcg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Fasted 30 min before each meal, up to 3x daily. No appetite increase
Sermorelin	5mg	500mcg-2mg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Fasted 2 hrs before first meal or before bed
Sermorelin	10mg	500mcg-2mg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Fasted 2 hrs before first meal or before bed
Tesamorelin	5mg	1-2mg	5 days on / 2 off	SubQ	Before bedtime. Decreases visceral fat
Tesamorelin	10mg	1-2mg	5 days on / 2 off BRAIN + MOOD	SubQ	Before bedtime. Decreases visceral fat
Adamax (N-Acetyl Semax Analog)	10mg	100-500mcg	Daily or EOD	Intranasal/SubQ Intranasal	preferred: 100mcg/nostril 1-2x daily. SC: 100-200mcg daily. Cycle 5/2 or 10/4. Synergistic with Selank, Pinealon, Dihexa, SS-31, NAD+
Cerebrolysin	60mg	60-120mg	Daily or EOD x 10-20 days	IM	Neurotrophic peptide complex. 2-4 cycles/year. Cognitive support. Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water
Dihexa	5mg	1-3mg	Daily (morning)	SubQ	HGF/c-Met modulator. Cognitive enhancement. Start low, titrate slowly
Dihexa	10mg	1-5mg	Daily (morning)	SubQ	HGF/c-Met modulator. Cognitive enhancement. Avoid evening dosing
NAD+	100mg	50-100mg	Daily or 2x/week	IM	Single dose not to exceed 250mg
NAD+	500mg	50-150mg	Daily or 2x/week	IM	Single dose not to exceed 250mg
NAD+	1,000mg	100-250mg	Daily or 2x/week	IM/IV	High-volume vial for IV drip protocols - dilute in NS/D5W. IM single dose not to exceed 250mg. IV: 500-1,000mg over 2-4 hrs
Oxytocin	2mg	100-400mcg	Daily	SubQ	Love hormone. Social bonding, stress/anxiety relief
Oxytocin	5mg	250-500mcg	Daily	SubQ	Love hormone. Social bonding, stress/anxiety relief
Oxytocin	10mg	250-500mcg	Daily	SubQ	Love hormone. Social bonding, stress/anxiety relief
PE-22-28 (Spadin Analog)	10mg	50-200mcg	Daily (5 on / 2 off)	SubQ	TREK-1 channel blocker, antidepressant mechanism. Start 50mcg/day; titrate to 100-200mcg; ceiling 600mcg for refractory cases. Morning dosing. Synergistic with Selank, Semax, Dihexa
Pinealon	10mg	100-300mcg	Daily x 10-20 days	SubQ	Neuroprotective tripeptide. Cognitive, anti-aging. Maintenance: 100-200mcg 2-3x/week
Pinealon	20mg	300-500mcg	Daily x 10-20 days	SubQ	Neuroprotective tripeptide. Higher dose for injury recovery
Selank	5mg	250-500mcg	Daily	SubQ	Anti-anxiety. Serotonin/dopamine signaling. Enhanced learning
Selank	10mg	250-500mcg	Daily	SubQ	Anti-anxiety. Serotonin/dopamine signaling. Enhanced learning
Semax	5mg	500mcg-1mg	Daily	SubQ	BDNF release. Neuroplasticity, blood flow to brain
Semax	10mg	500mcg-1mg	Daily	SubQ	BDNF release. Neuroplasticity, blood flow to brain
Anserine (Oral)	Oral Cap	250-500mg	Daily	Oral	Neuroprotective anti-glycation dipeptide. Cognitive and physical function support. DSHEA dietary ingredient. Synergistic with Mg L-Threonate and Glutathione
L-Theanine (Oral)	Oral Cap	100-400mg	Daily or as needed	Oral	FDA GRAS tea amino acid. Calm-focus without sedation. AM for focus or PM for sleep/stress. Synergistic with NAD+, Semax, Selank
Magnesium L-Threonate (Oral)	Oral Cap	500-1,500mg	Daily (PM preferred)	Oral	Brain-penetrating magnesium form (Magtein). Elevates CSF Mg2+ and improves memory parameters. FDA GRAS self-affirmed
Brain Health Neuro-Support Blend Oral	Oral Cap	2 capsules	Nightly before bed (5 on / off)	—	2 Oral Stage-release: Immediate - Anserine + L-Theanine; Mid-phase - Mg L-Threonate; Enteric - Glutathione; Delayed - Cerluten A-5. Cognitive decline, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation

Delta Sleep

Delta Sleep — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
DSIP	5mg	500mcg-1mg	As needed before bed	SubQ	Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide. Circadian clock reset, withdrawal support
DSIP	15mg	500mcg-1mg	As needed before bed	SubQ	Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide. Circadian clock reset, withdrawal support

Longevity

Longevity — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
Cerluten A-5 (Oral)	Oral Cap	2-5mg	Daily, 10-20 day cycles	Oral	Bovine CNS-derived peptide bioregulator. Neuroprotection, circadian regulation. Glandular supplement (DSHEA). 2-3 cycles annually. Synergistic with Pinealon and Epitalon
Epithalon	10mg	10mg	20 bottle cycle (daily x 20 days)	SubQ	2-3x annually. Telomere lengthening, melatonin support
Epithalon	50mg	10-20mg	4 bottle cycle over 10-20 days	SubQ	3x annually. Telomere lengthening
FOXO4-DRI	10mg	5mg	2-3 days per cycle, every 1-3 months	SubQ	Senolytic peptide. Clears senescent cells. Not for continuous use

Melanin & Skin

Melanin & Skin — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
Melanotan-1 (Afamelanotide)	10mg	250-500mcg	Daily or EOD (loading), Weekly (maintenance)	SubQ	Photoprotection and tanning. Safer profile than MT-II

Immunity

Immunity — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
LL-37	5mg	300mcg-1mg	During illness	SubQ	Stop use when feeling healthy. Natural antibiotic
Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1)	5mg	1.5-4mg	When sick 2x/week	IM	4x/year for immune support. Stimulates T-cells, dendritic cells
Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1)	10mg	3-8mg	When sick 2x/week	IM	4x/year for immune support. Stimulates T-cells, dendritic cells
Thymalin	10mg	5-10mg	Daily x 10 days	SubQ/IM	2-3x/year. Thymus gland support
Thymalin	20mg	5-10mg	Daily x 10 days	SubQ/IM	2-3x/year. Thymus gland support

Immunity & Neuroimmune

Immunity & Neuroimmune — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)	5mg	50-100mcg	1-4x daily	Intranasal/SubQ	CIRS, dysautonomia, pulmonary support. Start low, titrate. SC: 50-200mcg
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)	10mg	50-200mcg	1-4x daily	Intranasal/SubQ	CIRS, pulmonary support. SC option: 100mcg 3x weekly

Libido & ED

Libido & ED — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
PT-141 (Bremelanotide)	5mg	500mcg-1mg	2 hrs before activity PRN	SubQ	Not to exceed 20 units. Consult doctor
PT-141 (Bremelanotide)	10mg	500mcg-1mg	2 hrs before activity PRN	SubQ	Not to exceed 20 units. Consult doctor

Melanin & Libido

Melanin & Libido — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
Melanotan II (MT-II)	10mg	500mcg-1mg	Before tanning	SubQ	Use 30 minutes before tanning

Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
Kisspeptin	5mg	100-200mcg	When needed	SubQ	Hormone balance, reproductive health, wellness
Kisspeptin	10mg	100-200mcg	When needed	SubQ	Hormone balance, reproductive health, wellness

Mitochondrial Function

Mitochondrial Function — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
AICAR	50mg	5-10mg	5-10 days per cycle	SubQ	AMPK activator. Exercise mimetic. 2-4 cycles/year
Humanin	5mg	5-20mg	3x/week or QOD	SubQ	Mitochondrial-derived peptide. Neuroprotective. 4-6 week cycles
Humanin	10mg	5-20mg	3x/week or QOD	SubQ	Mitochondrial-derived peptide. Neuroprotective. 4-6 week cycles
MOTS-c	10mg	5-10mg	Every 5 days x 20 days	SubQ	3x annually. T2 diabetic: 1mg EOD to lower blood sugars
MOTS-c	40mg	5-10mg	Every 5 days x 20 days	SubQ	3x annually. Exercise mimetic, insulin sensitization
SS-31 (Elamipretide)	10mg	5mg	Daily x 22 days (11 bottle cycle)	SubQ	3x/year. Best before MOTS-c cycle. Targets inner mitochondrial membrane
5-Amino-1MQ / SLU-PP-332 / NAD+ Oral Blend	Oral Cap	1 capsule	Daily AM (5 on / 2 off)	Oral	Mitochondrial activation stack: Immediate - NAD+; Sustained - SLU-PP-332 (ERR-alpha/gamma); Delayed - 5-Amino-1MQ (NNMT inhibition). Take on empty stomach

Antioxidant & Detox

Antioxidant & Detox — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
Glutathione	1500mg	200-600mg (IM) / 1000-2000mg (IV)	2-4x/week	IM/IV	Master antioxidant. Detoxification, skin brightening, post-NAD+ support
Carnosine (L-Carnosine) Oral	Oral Cap	500-1,000mg	Daily	Oral	Anti-glycation dipeptide. Neutralizes reactive carbonyl species, preserves redox stability. Supports cellular longevity and post-exercise recovery

Muscle Development

Muscle Development — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
Follistatin 344	1mg	200mcg	4 bottle cycle over 20 days	IM	3x annually. Myostatin inhibitor
MGF (IGF-1EC)	2mg	200-400mcg	Post workout	IM	Mechano Growth Factor. Inject into trained muscle
MGF (IGF-1EC)	5mg	200-400mcg	Post workout	IM	Mechano Growth Factor. Inject into trained muscle

Growth Factor

Growth Factor — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
IGF-1 LR3	0.1mg	20-50mcg	5 days on / 2 off	IM	After meal / before gym. Lower dose option
IGF-1 LR3	1mg	100-200mcg	5 days on / 2 off	IM	After meal / before gym

Performance & Recovery

Performance & Recovery — reported dosing ranges, frequencies and routes
Compound	Vial	Reported range	Frequency	Route	Notes & cautions
Super Human Blend (SHB)	10mL	1mL	Daily or pre-exercise	IM/SubQ	Multi-amino acid blend: Arginine/Citrulline (NO), Ornithine (urea cycle), L-Carnitine, Lysine/Proline/Glutamine, NAC/Taurine. Pre-exercise 30-60 min before training

Source data: peptideprotocolportal.com. Compiled 2026-09-29. Transcribed without rounding or harmonisation — where the source gives a range the range is kept, and where it gives two routes both are kept. Figures describe what has been reported, not what anyone should do. RES Institute has not verified these figures against primary literature and does not endorse them.